/** * jquery.mask.js * @version: v1.14.16 * @author: Igor Escobar * * Created by Igor Escobar on 2012-03-10. Please report any bug at github.com/igorescobar/jQuery-Mask-Plugin * * Copyright (c) 2012 Igor Escobar http://igorescobar.com * * The MIT License (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php) * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following * conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. */ /* jshint laxbreak: true */ /* jshint maxcomplexity:17 */ /* global define */ // UMD (Universal Module Definition) patterns for JavaScript modules that work everywhere. // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/templates/jqueryPlugin.js (function (factory, jQuery, Zepto) { if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) { define(['jquery'], factory); } else if (typeof exports === 'object' && typeof Meteor === 'undefined') { module.exports = factory(require('jquery')); } else { factory(jQuery || Zepto); } }(function ($) { 'use strict'; var Mask = function (el, mask, options) { var p = { invalid: [], getCaret: function () { try { var sel, pos = 0, ctrl = el.get(0), dSel = document.selection, cSelStart = ctrl.selectionStart; // IE Support if (dSel && navigator.appVersion.indexOf('MSIE 10') === -1) { sel = dSel.createRange(); sel.moveStart('character', -p.val().length); pos = sel.text.length; } // Firefox support else if (cSelStart || cSelStart === '0') { pos = cSelStart; } return pos; } catch (e) {} }, setCaret: function(pos) { try { if (el.is(':focus')) { var range, ctrl = el.get(0); // Firefox, WebKit, etc.. if (ctrl.setSelectionRange) { ctrl.setSelectionRange(pos, pos); } else { // IE range = ctrl.createTextRange(); range.collapse(true); range.moveEnd('character', pos); range.moveStart('character', pos); range.select(); } } } catch (e) {} }, events: function() { el .on('keydown.mask', function(e) { el.data('mask-keycode', e.keyCode || e.which); el.data('mask-previus-value', el.val()); el.data('mask-previus-caret-pos', p.getCaret()); p.maskDigitPosMapOld = p.maskDigitPosMap; }) .on($.jMaskGlobals.useInput ? 'input.mask' : 'keyup.mask', p.behaviour) .on('paste.mask drop.mask', function() { setTimeout(function() { el.keydown().keyup(); }, 100); }) .on('change.mask', function(){ el.data('changed', true); }) .on('blur.mask', function(){ if (oldValue !== p.val() && !el.data('changed')) { el.trigger('change'); } el.data('changed', false); }) // it's very important that this callback remains in this position // otherwhise oldValue it's going to work buggy .on('blur.mask', function() { oldValue = p.val(); }) // select all text on focus .on('focus.mask', function (e) { if (options.selectOnFocus === true) { $(e.target).select(); } }) // clear the value if it not complete the mask .on('focusout.mask', function() { if (options.clearIfNotMatch && !regexMask.test(p.val())) { p.val(''); } }); }, getRegexMask: function() { var maskChunks = [], translation, pattern, optional, recursive, oRecursive, r; for (var i = 0; i < mask.length; i++) { translation = jMask.translation[mask.charAt(i)]; if (translation) { pattern = translation.pattern.toString().replace(/.{1}$|^.{1}/g, ''); optional = translation.optional; recursive = translation.recursive; if (recursive) { maskChunks.push(mask.charAt(i)); oRecursive = {digit: mask.charAt(i), pattern: pattern}; } else { maskChunks.push(!optional && !recursive ? pattern : (pattern + '?')); } } else { maskChunks.push(mask.charAt(i).replace(/[-\/\\^$*+?.()|[\]{}]/g, '\\$&')); } } r = maskChunks.join(''); if (oRecursive) { r = r.replace(new RegExp('(' + oRecursive.digit + '(.*' + oRecursive.digit + ')?)'), '($1)?') .replace(new RegExp(oRecursive.digit, 'g'), oRecursive.pattern); } return new RegExp(r); }, destroyEvents: function() { el.off(['input', 'keydown', 'keyup', 'paste', 'drop', 'blur', 'focusout', ''].join('.mask ')); }, val: function(v) { var isInput = el.is('input'), method = isInput ? 'val' : 'text', r; if (arguments.length > 0) { if (el[method]() !== v) { el[method](v); } r = el; } else { r = el[method](); } return r; }, calculateCaretPosition: function(oldVal) { var newVal = p.getMasked(), caretPosNew = p.getCaret(); if (oldVal !== newVal) { var caretPosOld = el.data('mask-previus-caret-pos') || 0, newValL = newVal.length, oldValL = oldVal.length, maskDigitsBeforeCaret = 0, maskDigitsAfterCaret = 0, maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll = 0, maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld = 0, i = 0; for (i = caretPosNew; i < newValL; i++) { if (!p.maskDigitPosMap[i]) { break; } maskDigitsAfterCaret++; } for (i = caretPosNew - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (!p.maskDigitPosMap[i]) { break; } maskDigitsBeforeCaret++; } for (i = caretPosNew - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (p.maskDigitPosMap[i]) { maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll++; } } for (i = caretPosOld - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (p.maskDigitPosMapOld[i]) { maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld++; } } // if the cursor is at the end keep it there if (caretPosNew > oldValL) { caretPosNew = newValL * 10; } else if (caretPosOld >= caretPosNew && caretPosOld !== oldValL) { if (!p.maskDigitPosMapOld[caretPosNew]) { var caretPos = caretPosNew; caretPosNew -= maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld - maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll; caretPosNew -= maskDigitsBeforeCaret; if (p.maskDigitPosMap[caretPosNew]) { caretPosNew = caretPos; } } } else if (caretPosNew > caretPosOld) { caretPosNew += maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll - maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld; caretPosNew += maskDigitsAfterCaret; } } return caretPosNew; }, behaviour: function(e) { e = e || window.event; p.invalid = []; var keyCode = el.data('mask-keycode'); if ($.inArray(keyCode, jMask.byPassKeys) === -1) { var newVal = p.getMasked(), caretPos = p.getCaret(), oldVal = el.data('mask-previus-value') || ''; // this is a compensation to devices/browsers that don't compensate // caret positioning the right way setTimeout(function() { p.setCaret(p.calculateCaretPosition(oldVal)); }, $.jMaskGlobals.keyStrokeCompensation); p.val(newVal); p.setCaret(caretPos); return p.callbacks(e); } }, getMasked: function(skipMaskChars, val) { var buf = [], value = val === undefined ? p.val() : val + '', m = 0, maskLen = mask.length, v = 0, valLen = value.length, offset = 1, addMethod = 'push', resetPos = -1, maskDigitCount = 0, maskDigitPosArr = [], lastMaskChar, check; if (options.reverse) { addMethod = 'unshift'; offset = -1; lastMaskChar = 0; m = maskLen - 1; v = valLen - 1; check = function () { return m > -1 && v > -1; }; } else { lastMaskChar = maskLen - 1; check = function () { return m < maskLen && v < valLen; }; } var lastUntranslatedMaskChar; while (check()) { var maskDigit = mask.charAt(m), valDigit = value.charAt(v), translation = jMask.translation[maskDigit]; if (translation) { if (valDigit.match(translation.pattern)) { buf[addMethod](valDigit); if (translation.recursive) { if (resetPos === -1) { resetPos = m; } else if (m === lastMaskChar && m !== resetPos) { m = resetPos - offset; } if (lastMaskChar === resetPos) { m -= offset; } } m += offset; } else if (valDigit === lastUntranslatedMaskChar) { // matched the last untranslated (raw) mask character that we encountered // likely an insert offset the mask character from the last entry; fall // through and only increment v maskDigitCount--; lastUntranslatedMaskChar = undefined; } else if (translation.optional) { m += offset; v -= offset; } else if (translation.fallback) { buf[addMethod](translation.fallback); m += offset; v -= offset; } else { p.invalid.push({p: v, v: valDigit, e: translation.pattern}); } v += offset; } else { if (!skipMaskChars) { buf[addMethod](maskDigit); } if (valDigit === maskDigit) { maskDigitPosArr.push(v); v += offset; } else { lastUntranslatedMaskChar = maskDigit; maskDigitPosArr.push(v + maskDigitCount); maskDigitCount++; } m += offset; } } var lastMaskCharDigit = mask.charAt(lastMaskChar); if (maskLen === valLen + 1 && !jMask.translation[lastMaskCharDigit]) { buf.push(lastMaskCharDigit); } var newVal = buf.join(''); p.mapMaskdigitPositions(newVal, maskDigitPosArr, valLen); return newVal; }, mapMaskdigitPositions: function(newVal, maskDigitPosArr, valLen) { var maskDiff = options.reverse ? newVal.length - valLen : 0; p.maskDigitPosMap = {}; for (var i = 0; i < maskDigitPosArr.length; i++) { p.maskDigitPosMap[maskDigitPosArr[i] + maskDiff] = 1; } }, callbacks: function (e) { var val = p.val(), changed = val !== oldValue, defaultArgs = [val, e, el, options], callback = function(name, criteria, args) { if (typeof options[name] === 'function' && criteria) { options[name].apply(this, args); } }; callback('onChange', changed === true, defaultArgs); callback('onKeyPress', changed === true, defaultArgs); callback('onComplete', val.length === mask.length, defaultArgs); callback('onInvalid', p.invalid.length > 0, [val, e, el, p.invalid, options]); } }; el = $(el); var jMask = this, oldValue = p.val(), regexMask; mask = typeof mask === 'function' ? mask(p.val(), undefined, el, options) : mask; // public methods jMask.mask = mask; jMask.options = options; jMask.remove = function() { var caret = p.getCaret(); if (jMask.options.placeholder) { el.removeAttr('placeholder'); } if (el.data('mask-maxlength')) { el.removeAttr('maxlength'); } p.destroyEvents(); p.val(jMask.getCleanVal()); p.setCaret(caret); return el; }; // get value without mask jMask.getCleanVal = function() { return p.getMasked(true); }; // get masked value without the value being in the input or element jMask.getMaskedVal = function(val) { return p.getMasked(false, val); }; jMask.init = function(onlyMask) { onlyMask = onlyMask || false; options = options || {}; jMask.clearIfNotMatch = $.jMaskGlobals.clearIfNotMatch; jMask.byPassKeys = $.jMaskGlobals.byPassKeys; jMask.translation = $.extend({}, $.jMaskGlobals.translation, options.translation); jMask = $.extend(true, {}, jMask, options); regexMask = p.getRegexMask(); if (onlyMask) { p.events(); p.val(p.getMasked()); } else { if (options.placeholder) { el.attr('placeholder' , options.placeholder); } // this is necessary, otherwise if the user submit the form // and then press the "back" button, the autocomplete will erase // the data. Works fine on IE9+, FF, Opera, Safari. if (el.data('mask')) { el.attr('autocomplete', 'off'); } // detect if is necessary let the user type freely. // for is a lot faster than forEach. for (var i = 0, maxlength = true; i < mask.length; i++) { var translation = jMask.translation[mask.charAt(i)]; if (translation && translation.recursive) { maxlength = false; break; } } if (maxlength) { el.attr('maxlength', mask.length).data('mask-maxlength', true); } p.destroyEvents(); p.events(); var caret = p.getCaret(); p.val(p.getMasked()); p.setCaret(caret); } }; jMask.init(!el.is('input')); }; $.maskWatchers = {}; var HTMLAttributes = function () { var input = $(this), options = {}, prefix = 'data-mask-', mask = input.attr('data-mask'); if (input.attr(prefix + 'reverse')) { options.reverse = true; } if (input.attr(prefix + 'clearifnotmatch')) { options.clearIfNotMatch = true; } if (input.attr(prefix + 'selectonfocus') === 'true') { options.selectOnFocus = true; } if (notSameMaskObject(input, mask, options)) { return input.data('mask', new Mask(this, mask, options)); } }, notSameMaskObject = function(field, mask, options) { options = options || {}; var maskObject = $(field).data('mask'), stringify = JSON.stringify, value = $(field).val() || $(field).text(); try { if (typeof mask === 'function') { mask = mask(value); } return typeof maskObject !== 'object' || stringify(maskObject.options) !== stringify(options) || maskObject.mask !== mask; } catch (e) {} }, eventSupported = function(eventName) { var el = document.createElement('div'), isSupported; eventName = 'on' + eventName; isSupported = (eventName in el); if ( !isSupported ) { el.setAttribute(eventName, 'return;'); isSupported = typeof el[eventName] === 'function'; } el = null; return isSupported; }; $.fn.mask = function(mask, options) { options = options || {}; var selector = this.selector, globals = $.jMaskGlobals, interval = globals.watchInterval, watchInputs = options.watchInputs || globals.watchInputs, maskFunction = function() { if (notSameMaskObject(this, mask, options)) { return $(this).data('mask', new Mask(this, mask, options)); } }; $(this).each(maskFunction); if (selector && selector !== '' && watchInputs) { clearInterval($.maskWatchers[selector]); $.maskWatchers[selector] = setInterval(function(){ $(document).find(selector).each(maskFunction); }, interval); } return this; }; $.fn.masked = function(val) { return this.data('mask').getMaskedVal(val); }; $.fn.unmask = function() { clearInterval($.maskWatchers[this.selector]); delete $.maskWatchers[this.selector]; return this.each(function() { var dataMask = $(this).data('mask'); if (dataMask) { dataMask.remove().removeData('mask'); } }); }; $.fn.cleanVal = function() { return this.data('mask').getCleanVal(); }; $.applyDataMask = function(selector) { selector = selector || $.jMaskGlobals.maskElements; var $selector = (selector instanceof $) ? selector : $(selector); $selector.filter($.jMaskGlobals.dataMaskAttr).each(HTMLAttributes); }; var globals = { maskElements: 'input,td,span,div', dataMaskAttr: '*[data-mask]', dataMask: true, watchInterval: 300, watchInputs: true, keyStrokeCompensation: 10, // old versions of chrome dont work great with input event useInput: !/Chrome\/[2-4][0-9]|SamsungBrowser/.test(window.navigator.userAgent) && eventSupported('input'), watchDataMask: false, byPassKeys: [9, 16, 17, 18, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 91], translation: { '0': {pattern: /\d/}, '9': {pattern: /\d/, optional: true}, '#': {pattern: /\d/, recursive: true}, 'A': {pattern: /[a-zA-Z0-9]/}, 'S': {pattern: /[a-zA-Z]/} } }; $.jMaskGlobals = $.jMaskGlobals || {}; globals = $.jMaskGlobals = $.extend(true, {}, globals, $.jMaskGlobals); // looking for inputs with data-mask attribute if (globals.dataMask) { $.applyDataMask(); } setInterval(function() { if ($.jMaskGlobals.watchDataMask) { $.applyDataMask(); } }, globals.watchInterval); }, window.jQuery, window.Zepto)); /** * Fetch * https://github.com/github/fetch * * Released under the MIT License (MIT) * https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/master/LICENSE */ (function (global, factory) { typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory(exports) : typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(['exports'], factory) : (factory((global.WHATWGFetch = {}))); }(this, (function (exports) { 'use strict'; var support = { searchParams: 'URLSearchParams' in self, iterable: 'Symbol' in self && 'iterator' in Symbol, blob: 'FileReader' in self && 'Blob' in self && (function() { try { new Blob(); return true } catch (e) { return false } })(), formData: 'FormData' in self, arrayBuffer: 'ArrayBuffer' in self }; function isDataView(obj) { return obj && DataView.prototype.isPrototypeOf(obj) } if (support.arrayBuffer) { var viewClasses = [ '[object Int8Array]', '[object Uint8Array]', '[object Uint8ClampedArray]', '[object Int16Array]', '[object Uint16Array]', '[object Int32Array]', '[object Uint32Array]', '[object Float32Array]', '[object Float64Array]' ]; var isArrayBufferView = ArrayBuffer.isView || function(obj) { return obj && viewClasses.indexOf(Object.prototype.toString.call(obj)) > -1 }; } function normalizeName(name) { if (typeof name !== 'string') { name = String(name); } if (/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.^_`|~]/i.test(name)) { throw new TypeError('Invalid character in header field name') } return name.toLowerCase() } function normalizeValue(value) { if (typeof value !== 'string') { value = String(value); } return value } // Build a destructive iterator for the value list function iteratorFor(items) { var iterator = { next: function() { var value = items.shift(); return {done: value === undefined, value: value} } }; if (support.iterable) { iterator[Symbol.iterator] = function() { return iterator }; } return iterator } function Headers(headers) { this.map = {}; if (headers instanceof Headers) { headers.forEach(function(value, name) { this.append(name, value); }, this); } else if (Array.isArray(headers)) { headers.forEach(function(header) { this.append(header[0], header[1]); }, this); } else if (headers) { Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name) { this.append(name, headers[name]); }, this); } } Headers.prototype.append = function(name, value) { name = normalizeName(name); value = normalizeValue(value); var oldValue = this.map[name]; this.map[name] = oldValue ? oldValue + ', ' + value : value; }; Headers.prototype['delete'] = function(name) { delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]; }; Headers.prototype.get = function(name) { name = normalizeName(name); return this.has(name) ? this.map[name] : null }; Headers.prototype.has = function(name) { return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name)) }; Headers.prototype.set = function(name, value) { this.map[normalizeName(name)] = normalizeValue(value); }; Headers.prototype.forEach = function(callback, thisArg) { for (var name in this.map) { if (this.map.hasOwnProperty(name)) { callback.call(thisArg, this.map[name], name, this); } } }; Headers.prototype.keys = function() { var items = []; this.forEach(function(value, name) { items.push(name); }); return iteratorFor(items) }; Headers.prototype.values = function() { var items = []; this.forEach(function(value) { items.push(value); }); return iteratorFor(items) }; Headers.prototype.entries = function() { var items = []; this.forEach(function(value, name) { items.push([name, value]); }); return iteratorFor(items) }; if (support.iterable) { Headers.prototype[Symbol.iterator] = Headers.prototype.entries; } function consumed(body) { if (body.bodyUsed) { return Promise.reject(new TypeError('Already read')) } body.bodyUsed = true; } function fileReaderReady(reader) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { reader.onload = function() { resolve(reader.result); }; reader.onerror = function() { reject(reader.error); }; }) } function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob) { var reader = new FileReader(); var promise = fileReaderReady(reader); reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob); return promise } function readBlobAsText(blob) { var reader = new FileReader(); var promise = fileReaderReady(reader); reader.readAsText(blob); return promise } function readArrayBufferAsText(buf) { var view = new Uint8Array(buf); var chars = new Array(view.length); for (var i = 0; i < view.length; i++) { chars[i] = String.fromCharCode(view[i]); } return chars.join('') } function bufferClone(buf) { if (buf.slice) { return buf.slice(0) } else { var view = new Uint8Array(buf.byteLength); view.set(new Uint8Array(buf)); return view.buffer } } function Body() { this.bodyUsed = false; this._initBody = function(body) { this._bodyInit = body; if (!body) { this._bodyText = ''; } else if (typeof body === 'string') { this._bodyText = body; } else if (support.blob && Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this._bodyBlob = body; } else if (support.formData && FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this._bodyFormData = body; } else if (support.searchParams && URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this._bodyText = body.toString(); } else if (support.arrayBuffer && support.blob && isDataView(body)) { this._bodyArrayBuffer = bufferClone(body.buffer); // IE 10-11 can't handle a DataView body. this._bodyInit = new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer]); } else if (support.arrayBuffer && (ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body) || isArrayBufferView(body))) { this._bodyArrayBuffer = bufferClone(body); } else { this._bodyText = body = Object.prototype.toString.call(body); } if (!this.headers.get('content-type')) { if (typeof body === 'string') { this.headers.set('content-type', 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8'); } else if (this._bodyBlob && this._bodyBlob.type) { this.headers.set('content-type', this._bodyBlob.type); } else if (support.searchParams && URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this.headers.set('content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8'); } } }; if (support.blob) { this.blob = function() { var rejected = consumed(this); if (rejected) { return rejected } if (this._bodyBlob) { return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob) } else if (this._bodyArrayBuffer) { return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer])) } else if (this._bodyFormData) { throw new Error('could not read FormData body as blob') } else { return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText])) } }; this.arrayBuffer = function() { if (this._bodyArrayBuffer) { return consumed(this) || Promise.resolve(this._bodyArrayBuffer) } else { return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer) } }; } this.text = function() { var rejected = consumed(this); if (rejected) { return rejected } if (this._bodyBlob) { return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob) } else if (this._bodyArrayBuffer) { return Promise.resolve(readArrayBufferAsText(this._bodyArrayBuffer)) } else if (this._bodyFormData) { throw new Error('could not read FormData body as text') } else { return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText) } }; if (support.formData) { this.formData = function() { return this.text().then(decode) }; } this.json = function() { return this.text().then(JSON.parse) }; return this } // HTTP methods whose capitalization should be normalized var methods = ['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST', 'PUT']; function normalizeMethod(method) { var upcased = method.toUpperCase(); return methods.indexOf(upcased) > -1 ? upcased : method } function Request(input, options) { options = options || {}; var body = options.body; if (input instanceof Request) { if (input.bodyUsed) { throw new TypeError('Already read') } this.url = input.url; this.credentials = input.credentials; if (!options.headers) { this.headers = new Headers(input.headers); } this.method = input.method; this.mode = input.mode; this.signal = input.signal; if (!body && input._bodyInit != null) { body = input._bodyInit; input.bodyUsed = true; } } else { this.url = String(input); } this.credentials = options.credentials || this.credentials || 'same-origin'; if (options.headers || !this.headers) { this.headers = new Headers(options.headers); } this.method = normalizeMethod(options.method || this.method || 'GET'); this.mode = options.mode || this.mode || null; this.signal = options.signal || this.signal; this.referrer = null; if ((this.method === 'GET' || this.method === 'HEAD') && body) { throw new TypeError('Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests') } this._initBody(body); } Request.prototype.clone = function() { return new Request(this, {body: this._bodyInit}) }; function decode(body) { var form = new FormData(); body .trim() .split('&') .forEach(function(bytes) { if (bytes) { var split = bytes.split('='); var name = split.shift().replace(/\+/g, ' '); var value = split.join('=').replace(/\+/g, ' '); form.append(decodeURIComponent(name), decodeURIComponent(value)); } }); return form } function parseHeaders(rawHeaders) { var headers = new Headers(); // Replace instances of \r\n and \n followed by at least one space or horizontal tab with a space // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2 var preProcessedHeaders = rawHeaders.replace(/\r?\n[\t ]+/g, ' '); preProcessedHeaders.split(/\r?\n/).forEach(function(line) { var parts = line.split(':'); var key = parts.shift().trim(); if (key) { var value = parts.join(':').trim(); headers.append(key, value); } }); return headers } Body.call(Request.prototype); function Response(bodyInit, options) { if (!options) { options = {}; } this.type = 'default'; this.status = options.status === undefined ? 200 : options.status; this.ok = this.status >= 200 && this.status < 300; this.statusText = 'statusText' in options ? options.statusText : 'OK'; this.headers = new Headers(options.headers); this.url = options.url || ''; this._initBody(bodyInit); } Body.call(Response.prototype); Response.prototype.clone = function() { return new Response(this._bodyInit, { status: this.status, statusText: this.statusText, headers: new Headers(this.headers), url: this.url }) }; Response.error = function() { var response = new Response(null, {status: 0, statusText: ''}); response.type = 'error'; return response }; var redirectStatuses = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]; Response.redirect = function(url, status) { if (redirectStatuses.indexOf(status) === -1) { throw new RangeError('Invalid status code') } return new Response(null, {status: status, headers: {location: url}}) }; exports.DOMException = self.DOMException; try { new exports.DOMException(); } catch (err) { exports.DOMException = function(message, name) { this.message = message; this.name = name; var error = Error(message); this.stack = error.stack; }; exports.DOMException.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype); exports.DOMException.prototype.constructor = exports.DOMException; } function fetch(input, init) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { var request = new Request(input, init); if (request.signal && request.signal.aborted) { return reject(new exports.DOMException('Aborted', 'AbortError')) } var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); function abortXhr() { xhr.abort(); } xhr.onload = function() { var options = { status: xhr.status, statusText: xhr.statusText, headers: parseHeaders(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() || '') }; options.url = 'responseURL' in xhr ? xhr.responseURL : options.headers.get('X-Request-URL'); var body = 'response' in xhr ? xhr.response : xhr.responseText; resolve(new Response(body, options)); }; xhr.onerror = function() { reject(new TypeError('Network request failed')); }; xhr.ontimeout = function() { reject(new TypeError('Network request failed')); }; xhr.onabort = function() { reject(new exports.DOMException('Aborted', 'AbortError')); }; xhr.open(request.method, request.url, true); if (request.credentials === 'include') { xhr.withCredentials = true; } else if (request.credentials === 'omit') { xhr.withCredentials = false; } if ('responseType' in xhr && support.blob) { xhr.responseType = 'blob'; } request.headers.forEach(function(value, name) { xhr.setRequestHeader(name, value); }); if (request.signal) { request.signal.addEventListener('abort', abortXhr); xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { // DONE (success or failure) if (xhr.readyState === 4) { request.signal.removeEventListener('abort', abortXhr); } }; } xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit === 'undefined' ? null : request._bodyInit); }) } fetch.polyfill = true; if (!self.fetch) { self.fetch = fetch; self.Headers = Headers; self.Request = Request; self.Response = Response; } exports.Headers = Headers; exports.Request = Request; exports.Response = Response; exports.fetch = fetch; Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', { value: true }); }))); ; /** * Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection. * However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use. */ ;; The Role of Cell Culture in Drug Discovery and Development
April 24, 2025
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The Role of Cell Culture in Drug Discovery and Development

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Cell Culture Market

Introduction

Drug discovery and development is a complex and time-consuming process that requires extensive research and testing to ensure the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic agents. One of the most essential tools in this process is cell culture, which involves growing cells under controlled conditions outside their natural environment. Cell culture has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry by enabling researchers to study disease mechanisms, screen potential drug candidates, and assess toxicity before advancing to clinical trials. This article explores the significant role of cell culture in drug discovery and development.

Definition

Cell culture is the process of cultivating and preserving cells in a controlled setting, usually in a lab, away from their natural habitat. Grown in a nutrient-rich media that supplies vital growth factors, these cells can be derived from humans, animals, or plants. In research, science, medicine, and drug development, cell culture is commonly utilized for things like vaccine manufacture, cancer research, and regenerative medicine.

Understanding Cell Culture

Cell culture is the process of maintaining and propagating cells in vitro (outside the living organism) using nutrient-rich media that provide essential growth factors. There are different types of cell cultures used in drug discovery:

  • Primary Cell Cultures: Cells directly extracted from tissues and grown in vitro. These closely resemble in vivo conditions but have limited lifespans.
  • Immortalized Cell Lines: Genetically modified cells that can proliferate indefinitely, providing a consistent and reproducible model.
  • 3D Cell Cultures: Advanced models that mimic the three-dimensional structure of tissues, providing a more physiologically relevant environment.

Role of Cell Culture in Drug Discovery

Disease Modeling:

Cell culture enables scientists to model various diseases in a controlled laboratory setting. By using patient-derived cells or genetically engineered cell lines, researchers can study the molecular mechanisms of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. This helps in identifying potential therapeutic targets.

High-Throughput Drug Screening (HTS):

One of the most critical steps in drug discovery is screening thousands of compounds to identify potential drug candidates. Cell culture facilitates high-throughput screening (HTS), where automated systems test numerous compounds on cultured cells to assess their effects. HTS helps narrow down the most promising drug candidates for further evaluation.

Toxicity and Safety Testing:

Before drugs reach clinical trials, they must undergo extensive toxicity testing to ensure they do not cause harmful side effects. Cell culture provides a reliable platform for cytotoxicity assays, where potential drugs are tested on cell lines to evaluate their impact on cell viability, apoptosis, and metabolic functions. This early-stage testing reduces the likelihood of drug failures in later phases.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Studies:

Cell culture models help in understanding pharmacokinetics (how drugs move through the body) and pharmacodynamics (how drugs exert their effects). By using specific cell lines, researchers can assess drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion, which are crucial for determining proper dosages and formulations.

Personalized Medicine and Drug Sensitivity Testing:

With advancements in precision medicine, patient-derived cell cultures are used to tailor treatments to individual patients. For example, in oncology, tumor organoids derived from patients’ cancer cells can be cultured to test different chemotherapy drugs, helping doctors choose the most effective treatment with minimal side effects.

Role of Cell Culture in Drug Development

Biopharmaceutical Production:

Cell culture plays a fundamental role in the production of biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and recombinant proteins. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and HEK293 cells are commonly used for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins due to their ability to undergo post-translational modifications similar to human cells.

Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine:

Stem cell cultures are essential in developing regenerative therapies for conditions such as spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients can be used to create disease models and test potential regenerative treatments.

3D Cell Culture and Organoids for Drug Testing:

Traditional 2D cell cultures often fail to replicate the complexity of human tissues. 3D cell culture models and organoids have emerged as superior alternatives that mimic the architecture and functionality of real organs. These models improve the accuracy of drug efficacy and toxicity testing, reducing reliance on animal models.

Challenges in the Cell Culture Market

High Cost of Cell Culture Products:

Cell culture requires expensive reagents, specialized equipment, and high-quality consumables. The cost of raw materials, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), increases the financial burden on researchers.

Contamination Issues in Cell Cultures:

Maintaining sterile conditions is critical, as microbial contamination can ruin experiments. Bacterial, fungal, and viral contaminants threaten the integrity and reproducibility of cultured cells.

Ethical Concerns Related to Cell Sourcing:

The use of embryonic stem cells and animal-derived components raises ethical debates. Regulatory approvals and public concerns create hurdles in sourcing and utilizing these materials.

Technical Complexity and Skilled Workforce Shortage:

Handling cell cultures requires technical expertise, and a shortage of trained professionals limits research productivity. Proper training programs are essential to ensure high-quality cell culture practices.

Future Trends of Cell Culture Market

Automation and AI Integration:

Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing cell culture processes, enhancing reproducibility, efficiency, and scalability. AI-powered analytics optimize culture conditions, reducing human intervention and experimental variability.

3D Cell Culture Expansion:

Traditional 2D cell culture methods are being replaced by 3D cell cultures, which better mimic in vivo conditions. This shift improves drug testing, tissue engineering, and disease modeling.

Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Growth:

Increasing focus on stem cell research and regenerative medicine is driving demand for advanced culture techniques. These innovations support personalized therapies and tissue regeneration applications.

Rise of Biopharmaceutical Production:

Cell culture is essential for producing monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapies. The growing biopharmaceutical industry fuels demand for high-quality, scalable cell culture solutions.

Growth Rate of Cell Culture Market

According to Data Bridge Market Research, the global cell culture market size was assessed at USD 30.44 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 70.72 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 11.11% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2032.

Conclusion

Cell culture has become an indispensable tool in drug discovery and development, enabling researchers to model diseases, screen drugs, assess toxicity, and produce biopharmaceuticals. With ongoing advancements in 3D cell culture, organoids, and stem cell research, the future of drug development looks promising. As technology continues to evolve, cell culture will play an even more crucial role in bringing safer and more effective treatments to patients worldwide.

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