/** * jquery.mask.js * @version: v1.14.16 * @author: Igor Escobar * * Created by Igor Escobar on 2012-03-10. Please report any bug at github.com/igorescobar/jQuery-Mask-Plugin * * Copyright (c) 2012 Igor Escobar http://igorescobar.com * * The MIT License (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php) * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following * conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. */ /* jshint laxbreak: true */ /* jshint maxcomplexity:17 */ /* global define */ // UMD (Universal Module Definition) patterns for JavaScript modules that work everywhere. // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/templates/jqueryPlugin.js (function (factory, jQuery, Zepto) { if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) { define(['jquery'], factory); } else if (typeof exports === 'object' && typeof Meteor === 'undefined') { module.exports = factory(require('jquery')); } else { factory(jQuery || Zepto); } }(function ($) { 'use strict'; var Mask = function (el, mask, options) { var p = { invalid: [], getCaret: function () { try { var sel, pos = 0, ctrl = el.get(0), dSel = document.selection, cSelStart = ctrl.selectionStart; // IE Support if (dSel && navigator.appVersion.indexOf('MSIE 10') === -1) { sel = dSel.createRange(); sel.moveStart('character', -p.val().length); pos = sel.text.length; } // Firefox support else if (cSelStart || cSelStart === '0') { pos = cSelStart; } return pos; } catch (e) {} }, setCaret: function(pos) { try { if (el.is(':focus')) { var range, ctrl = el.get(0); // Firefox, WebKit, etc.. if (ctrl.setSelectionRange) { ctrl.setSelectionRange(pos, pos); } else { // IE range = ctrl.createTextRange(); range.collapse(true); range.moveEnd('character', pos); range.moveStart('character', pos); range.select(); } } } catch (e) {} }, events: function() { el .on('keydown.mask', function(e) { el.data('mask-keycode', e.keyCode || e.which); el.data('mask-previus-value', el.val()); el.data('mask-previus-caret-pos', p.getCaret()); p.maskDigitPosMapOld = p.maskDigitPosMap; }) .on($.jMaskGlobals.useInput ? 'input.mask' : 'keyup.mask', p.behaviour) .on('paste.mask drop.mask', function() { setTimeout(function() { el.keydown().keyup(); }, 100); }) .on('change.mask', function(){ el.data('changed', true); }) .on('blur.mask', function(){ if (oldValue !== p.val() && !el.data('changed')) { el.trigger('change'); } el.data('changed', false); }) // it's very important that this callback remains in this position // otherwhise oldValue it's going to work buggy .on('blur.mask', function() { oldValue = p.val(); }) // select all text on focus .on('focus.mask', function (e) { if (options.selectOnFocus === true) { $(e.target).select(); } }) // clear the value if it not complete the mask .on('focusout.mask', function() { if (options.clearIfNotMatch && !regexMask.test(p.val())) { p.val(''); } }); }, getRegexMask: function() { var maskChunks = [], translation, pattern, optional, recursive, oRecursive, r; for (var i = 0; i < mask.length; i++) { translation = jMask.translation[mask.charAt(i)]; if (translation) { pattern = translation.pattern.toString().replace(/.{1}$|^.{1}/g, ''); optional = translation.optional; recursive = translation.recursive; if (recursive) { maskChunks.push(mask.charAt(i)); oRecursive = {digit: mask.charAt(i), pattern: pattern}; } else { maskChunks.push(!optional && !recursive ? pattern : (pattern + '?')); } } else { maskChunks.push(mask.charAt(i).replace(/[-\/\\^$*+?.()|[\]{}]/g, '\\$&')); } } r = maskChunks.join(''); if (oRecursive) { r = r.replace(new RegExp('(' + oRecursive.digit + '(.*' + oRecursive.digit + ')?)'), '($1)?') .replace(new RegExp(oRecursive.digit, 'g'), oRecursive.pattern); } return new RegExp(r); }, destroyEvents: function() { el.off(['input', 'keydown', 'keyup', 'paste', 'drop', 'blur', 'focusout', ''].join('.mask ')); }, val: function(v) { var isInput = el.is('input'), method = isInput ? 'val' : 'text', r; if (arguments.length > 0) { if (el[method]() !== v) { el[method](v); } r = el; } else { r = el[method](); } return r; }, calculateCaretPosition: function(oldVal) { var newVal = p.getMasked(), caretPosNew = p.getCaret(); if (oldVal !== newVal) { var caretPosOld = el.data('mask-previus-caret-pos') || 0, newValL = newVal.length, oldValL = oldVal.length, maskDigitsBeforeCaret = 0, maskDigitsAfterCaret = 0, maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll = 0, maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld = 0, i = 0; for (i = caretPosNew; i < newValL; i++) { if (!p.maskDigitPosMap[i]) { break; } maskDigitsAfterCaret++; } for (i = caretPosNew - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (!p.maskDigitPosMap[i]) { break; } maskDigitsBeforeCaret++; } for (i = caretPosNew - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (p.maskDigitPosMap[i]) { maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll++; } } for (i = caretPosOld - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (p.maskDigitPosMapOld[i]) { maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld++; } } // if the cursor is at the end keep it there if (caretPosNew > oldValL) { caretPosNew = newValL * 10; } else if (caretPosOld >= caretPosNew && caretPosOld !== oldValL) { if (!p.maskDigitPosMapOld[caretPosNew]) { var caretPos = caretPosNew; caretPosNew -= maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld - maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll; caretPosNew -= maskDigitsBeforeCaret; if (p.maskDigitPosMap[caretPosNew]) { caretPosNew = caretPos; } } } else if (caretPosNew > caretPosOld) { caretPosNew += maskDigitsBeforeCaretAll - maskDigitsBeforeCaretAllOld; caretPosNew += maskDigitsAfterCaret; } } return caretPosNew; }, behaviour: function(e) { e = e || window.event; p.invalid = []; var keyCode = el.data('mask-keycode'); if ($.inArray(keyCode, jMask.byPassKeys) === -1) { var newVal = p.getMasked(), caretPos = p.getCaret(), oldVal = el.data('mask-previus-value') || ''; // this is a compensation to devices/browsers that don't compensate // caret positioning the right way setTimeout(function() { p.setCaret(p.calculateCaretPosition(oldVal)); }, $.jMaskGlobals.keyStrokeCompensation); p.val(newVal); p.setCaret(caretPos); return p.callbacks(e); } }, getMasked: function(skipMaskChars, val) { var buf = [], value = val === undefined ? p.val() : val + '', m = 0, maskLen = mask.length, v = 0, valLen = value.length, offset = 1, addMethod = 'push', resetPos = -1, maskDigitCount = 0, maskDigitPosArr = [], lastMaskChar, check; if (options.reverse) { addMethod = 'unshift'; offset = -1; lastMaskChar = 0; m = maskLen - 1; v = valLen - 1; check = function () { return m > -1 && v > -1; }; } else { lastMaskChar = maskLen - 1; check = function () { return m < maskLen && v < valLen; }; } var lastUntranslatedMaskChar; while (check()) { var maskDigit = mask.charAt(m), valDigit = value.charAt(v), translation = jMask.translation[maskDigit]; if (translation) { if (valDigit.match(translation.pattern)) { buf[addMethod](valDigit); if (translation.recursive) { if (resetPos === -1) { resetPos = m; } else if (m === lastMaskChar && m !== resetPos) { m = resetPos - offset; } if (lastMaskChar === resetPos) { m -= offset; } } m += offset; } else if (valDigit === lastUntranslatedMaskChar) { // matched the last untranslated (raw) mask character that we encountered // likely an insert offset the mask character from the last entry; fall // through and only increment v maskDigitCount--; lastUntranslatedMaskChar = undefined; } else if (translation.optional) { m += offset; v -= offset; } else if (translation.fallback) { buf[addMethod](translation.fallback); m += offset; v -= offset; } else { p.invalid.push({p: v, v: valDigit, e: translation.pattern}); } v += offset; } else { if (!skipMaskChars) { buf[addMethod](maskDigit); } if (valDigit === maskDigit) { maskDigitPosArr.push(v); v += offset; } else { lastUntranslatedMaskChar = maskDigit; maskDigitPosArr.push(v + maskDigitCount); maskDigitCount++; } m += offset; } } var lastMaskCharDigit = mask.charAt(lastMaskChar); if (maskLen === valLen + 1 && !jMask.translation[lastMaskCharDigit]) { buf.push(lastMaskCharDigit); } var newVal = buf.join(''); p.mapMaskdigitPositions(newVal, maskDigitPosArr, valLen); return newVal; }, mapMaskdigitPositions: function(newVal, maskDigitPosArr, valLen) { var maskDiff = options.reverse ? newVal.length - valLen : 0; p.maskDigitPosMap = {}; for (var i = 0; i < maskDigitPosArr.length; i++) { p.maskDigitPosMap[maskDigitPosArr[i] + maskDiff] = 1; } }, callbacks: function (e) { var val = p.val(), changed = val !== oldValue, defaultArgs = [val, e, el, options], callback = function(name, criteria, args) { if (typeof options[name] === 'function' && criteria) { options[name].apply(this, args); } }; callback('onChange', changed === true, defaultArgs); callback('onKeyPress', changed === true, defaultArgs); callback('onComplete', val.length === mask.length, defaultArgs); callback('onInvalid', p.invalid.length > 0, [val, e, el, p.invalid, options]); } }; el = $(el); var jMask = this, oldValue = p.val(), regexMask; mask = typeof mask === 'function' ? mask(p.val(), undefined, el, options) : mask; // public methods jMask.mask = mask; jMask.options = options; jMask.remove = function() { var caret = p.getCaret(); if (jMask.options.placeholder) { el.removeAttr('placeholder'); } if (el.data('mask-maxlength')) { el.removeAttr('maxlength'); } p.destroyEvents(); p.val(jMask.getCleanVal()); p.setCaret(caret); return el; }; // get value without mask jMask.getCleanVal = function() { return p.getMasked(true); }; // get masked value without the value being in the input or element jMask.getMaskedVal = function(val) { return p.getMasked(false, val); }; jMask.init = function(onlyMask) { onlyMask = onlyMask || false; options = options || {}; jMask.clearIfNotMatch = $.jMaskGlobals.clearIfNotMatch; jMask.byPassKeys = $.jMaskGlobals.byPassKeys; jMask.translation = $.extend({}, $.jMaskGlobals.translation, options.translation); jMask = $.extend(true, {}, jMask, options); regexMask = p.getRegexMask(); if (onlyMask) { p.events(); p.val(p.getMasked()); } else { if (options.placeholder) { el.attr('placeholder' , options.placeholder); } // this is necessary, otherwise if the user submit the form // and then press the "back" button, the autocomplete will erase // the data. Works fine on IE9+, FF, Opera, Safari. if (el.data('mask')) { el.attr('autocomplete', 'off'); } // detect if is necessary let the user type freely. // for is a lot faster than forEach. for (var i = 0, maxlength = true; i < mask.length; i++) { var translation = jMask.translation[mask.charAt(i)]; if (translation && translation.recursive) { maxlength = false; break; } } if (maxlength) { el.attr('maxlength', mask.length).data('mask-maxlength', true); } p.destroyEvents(); p.events(); var caret = p.getCaret(); p.val(p.getMasked()); p.setCaret(caret); } }; jMask.init(!el.is('input')); }; $.maskWatchers = {}; var HTMLAttributes = function () { var input = $(this), options = {}, prefix = 'data-mask-', mask = input.attr('data-mask'); if (input.attr(prefix + 'reverse')) { options.reverse = true; } if (input.attr(prefix + 'clearifnotmatch')) { options.clearIfNotMatch = true; } if (input.attr(prefix + 'selectonfocus') === 'true') { options.selectOnFocus = true; } if (notSameMaskObject(input, mask, options)) { return input.data('mask', new Mask(this, mask, options)); } }, notSameMaskObject = function(field, mask, options) { options = options || {}; var maskObject = $(field).data('mask'), stringify = JSON.stringify, value = $(field).val() || $(field).text(); try { if (typeof mask === 'function') { mask = mask(value); } return typeof maskObject !== 'object' || stringify(maskObject.options) !== stringify(options) || maskObject.mask !== mask; } catch (e) {} }, eventSupported = function(eventName) { var el = document.createElement('div'), isSupported; eventName = 'on' + eventName; isSupported = (eventName in el); if ( !isSupported ) { el.setAttribute(eventName, 'return;'); isSupported = typeof el[eventName] === 'function'; } el = null; return isSupported; }; $.fn.mask = function(mask, options) { options = options || {}; var selector = this.selector, globals = $.jMaskGlobals, interval = globals.watchInterval, watchInputs = options.watchInputs || globals.watchInputs, maskFunction = function() { if (notSameMaskObject(this, mask, options)) { return $(this).data('mask', new Mask(this, mask, options)); } }; $(this).each(maskFunction); if (selector && selector !== '' && watchInputs) { clearInterval($.maskWatchers[selector]); $.maskWatchers[selector] = setInterval(function(){ $(document).find(selector).each(maskFunction); }, interval); } return this; }; $.fn.masked = function(val) { return this.data('mask').getMaskedVal(val); }; $.fn.unmask = function() { clearInterval($.maskWatchers[this.selector]); delete $.maskWatchers[this.selector]; return this.each(function() { var dataMask = $(this).data('mask'); if (dataMask) { dataMask.remove().removeData('mask'); } }); }; $.fn.cleanVal = function() { return this.data('mask').getCleanVal(); }; $.applyDataMask = function(selector) { selector = selector || $.jMaskGlobals.maskElements; var $selector = (selector instanceof $) ? selector : $(selector); $selector.filter($.jMaskGlobals.dataMaskAttr).each(HTMLAttributes); }; var globals = { maskElements: 'input,td,span,div', dataMaskAttr: '*[data-mask]', dataMask: true, watchInterval: 300, watchInputs: true, keyStrokeCompensation: 10, // old versions of chrome dont work great with input event useInput: !/Chrome\/[2-4][0-9]|SamsungBrowser/.test(window.navigator.userAgent) && eventSupported('input'), watchDataMask: false, byPassKeys: [9, 16, 17, 18, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 91], translation: { '0': {pattern: /\d/}, '9': {pattern: /\d/, optional: true}, '#': {pattern: /\d/, recursive: true}, 'A': {pattern: /[a-zA-Z0-9]/}, 'S': {pattern: /[a-zA-Z]/} } }; $.jMaskGlobals = $.jMaskGlobals || {}; globals = $.jMaskGlobals = $.extend(true, {}, globals, $.jMaskGlobals); // looking for inputs with data-mask attribute if (globals.dataMask) { $.applyDataMask(); } setInterval(function() { if ($.jMaskGlobals.watchDataMask) { $.applyDataMask(); } }, globals.watchInterval); }, window.jQuery, window.Zepto)); /** * Fetch * https://github.com/github/fetch * * Released under the MIT License (MIT) * https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/master/LICENSE */ (function (global, factory) { typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory(exports) : typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(['exports'], factory) : (factory((global.WHATWGFetch = {}))); }(this, (function (exports) { 'use strict'; var support = { searchParams: 'URLSearchParams' in self, iterable: 'Symbol' in self && 'iterator' in Symbol, blob: 'FileReader' in self && 'Blob' in self && (function() { try { new Blob(); return true } catch (e) { return false } })(), formData: 'FormData' in self, arrayBuffer: 'ArrayBuffer' in self }; function isDataView(obj) { return obj && DataView.prototype.isPrototypeOf(obj) } if (support.arrayBuffer) { var viewClasses = [ '[object Int8Array]', '[object Uint8Array]', '[object Uint8ClampedArray]', '[object Int16Array]', '[object Uint16Array]', '[object Int32Array]', '[object Uint32Array]', '[object Float32Array]', '[object Float64Array]' ]; var isArrayBufferView = ArrayBuffer.isView || function(obj) { return obj && viewClasses.indexOf(Object.prototype.toString.call(obj)) > -1 }; } function normalizeName(name) { if (typeof name !== 'string') { name = String(name); } if (/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.^_`|~]/i.test(name)) { throw new TypeError('Invalid character in header field name') } return name.toLowerCase() } function normalizeValue(value) { if (typeof value !== 'string') { value = String(value); } return value } // Build a destructive iterator for the value list function iteratorFor(items) { var iterator = { next: function() { var value = items.shift(); return {done: value === undefined, value: value} } }; if (support.iterable) { iterator[Symbol.iterator] = function() { return iterator }; } return iterator } function Headers(headers) { this.map = {}; if (headers instanceof Headers) { headers.forEach(function(value, name) { this.append(name, value); }, this); } else if (Array.isArray(headers)) { headers.forEach(function(header) { this.append(header[0], header[1]); }, this); } else if (headers) { Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name) { this.append(name, headers[name]); }, this); } } Headers.prototype.append = function(name, value) { name = normalizeName(name); value = normalizeValue(value); var oldValue = this.map[name]; this.map[name] = oldValue ? oldValue + ', ' + value : value; }; Headers.prototype['delete'] = function(name) { delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]; }; Headers.prototype.get = function(name) { name = normalizeName(name); return this.has(name) ? this.map[name] : null }; Headers.prototype.has = function(name) { return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name)) }; Headers.prototype.set = function(name, value) { this.map[normalizeName(name)] = normalizeValue(value); }; Headers.prototype.forEach = function(callback, thisArg) { for (var name in this.map) { if (this.map.hasOwnProperty(name)) { callback.call(thisArg, this.map[name], name, this); } } }; Headers.prototype.keys = function() { var items = []; this.forEach(function(value, name) { items.push(name); }); return iteratorFor(items) }; Headers.prototype.values = function() { var items = []; this.forEach(function(value) { items.push(value); }); return iteratorFor(items) }; Headers.prototype.entries = function() { var items = []; this.forEach(function(value, name) { items.push([name, value]); }); return iteratorFor(items) }; if (support.iterable) { Headers.prototype[Symbol.iterator] = Headers.prototype.entries; } function consumed(body) { if (body.bodyUsed) { return Promise.reject(new TypeError('Already read')) } body.bodyUsed = true; } function fileReaderReady(reader) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { reader.onload = function() { resolve(reader.result); }; reader.onerror = function() { reject(reader.error); }; }) } function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob) { var reader = new FileReader(); var promise = fileReaderReady(reader); reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob); return promise } function readBlobAsText(blob) { var reader = new FileReader(); var promise = fileReaderReady(reader); reader.readAsText(blob); return promise } function readArrayBufferAsText(buf) { var view = new Uint8Array(buf); var chars = new Array(view.length); for (var i = 0; i < view.length; i++) { chars[i] = String.fromCharCode(view[i]); } return chars.join('') } function bufferClone(buf) { if (buf.slice) { return buf.slice(0) } else { var view = new Uint8Array(buf.byteLength); view.set(new Uint8Array(buf)); return view.buffer } } function Body() { this.bodyUsed = false; this._initBody = function(body) { this._bodyInit = body; if (!body) { this._bodyText = ''; } else if (typeof body === 'string') { this._bodyText = body; } else if (support.blob && Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this._bodyBlob = body; } else if (support.formData && FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this._bodyFormData = body; } else if (support.searchParams && URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this._bodyText = body.toString(); } else if (support.arrayBuffer && support.blob && isDataView(body)) { this._bodyArrayBuffer = bufferClone(body.buffer); // IE 10-11 can't handle a DataView body. this._bodyInit = new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer]); } else if (support.arrayBuffer && (ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body) || isArrayBufferView(body))) { this._bodyArrayBuffer = bufferClone(body); } else { this._bodyText = body = Object.prototype.toString.call(body); } if (!this.headers.get('content-type')) { if (typeof body === 'string') { this.headers.set('content-type', 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8'); } else if (this._bodyBlob && this._bodyBlob.type) { this.headers.set('content-type', this._bodyBlob.type); } else if (support.searchParams && URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)) { this.headers.set('content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8'); } } }; if (support.blob) { this.blob = function() { var rejected = consumed(this); if (rejected) { return rejected } if (this._bodyBlob) { return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob) } else if (this._bodyArrayBuffer) { return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer])) } else if (this._bodyFormData) { throw new Error('could not read FormData body as blob') } else { return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText])) } }; this.arrayBuffer = function() { if (this._bodyArrayBuffer) { return consumed(this) || Promise.resolve(this._bodyArrayBuffer) } else { return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer) } }; } this.text = function() { var rejected = consumed(this); if (rejected) { return rejected } if (this._bodyBlob) { return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob) } else if (this._bodyArrayBuffer) { return Promise.resolve(readArrayBufferAsText(this._bodyArrayBuffer)) } else if (this._bodyFormData) { throw new Error('could not read FormData body as text') } else { return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText) } }; if (support.formData) { this.formData = function() { return this.text().then(decode) }; } this.json = function() { return this.text().then(JSON.parse) }; return this } // HTTP methods whose capitalization should be normalized var methods = ['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST', 'PUT']; function normalizeMethod(method) { var upcased = method.toUpperCase(); return methods.indexOf(upcased) > -1 ? upcased : method } function Request(input, options) { options = options || {}; var body = options.body; if (input instanceof Request) { if (input.bodyUsed) { throw new TypeError('Already read') } this.url = input.url; this.credentials = input.credentials; if (!options.headers) { this.headers = new Headers(input.headers); } this.method = input.method; this.mode = input.mode; this.signal = input.signal; if (!body && input._bodyInit != null) { body = input._bodyInit; input.bodyUsed = true; } } else { this.url = String(input); } this.credentials = options.credentials || this.credentials || 'same-origin'; if (options.headers || !this.headers) { this.headers = new Headers(options.headers); } this.method = normalizeMethod(options.method || this.method || 'GET'); this.mode = options.mode || this.mode || null; this.signal = options.signal || this.signal; this.referrer = null; if ((this.method === 'GET' || this.method === 'HEAD') && body) { throw new TypeError('Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests') } this._initBody(body); } Request.prototype.clone = function() { return new Request(this, {body: this._bodyInit}) }; function decode(body) { var form = new FormData(); body .trim() .split('&') .forEach(function(bytes) { if (bytes) { var split = bytes.split('='); var name = split.shift().replace(/\+/g, ' '); var value = split.join('=').replace(/\+/g, ' '); form.append(decodeURIComponent(name), decodeURIComponent(value)); } }); return form } function parseHeaders(rawHeaders) { var headers = new Headers(); // Replace instances of \r\n and \n followed by at least one space or horizontal tab with a space // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2 var preProcessedHeaders = rawHeaders.replace(/\r?\n[\t ]+/g, ' '); preProcessedHeaders.split(/\r?\n/).forEach(function(line) { var parts = line.split(':'); var key = parts.shift().trim(); if (key) { var value = parts.join(':').trim(); headers.append(key, value); } }); return headers } Body.call(Request.prototype); function Response(bodyInit, options) { if (!options) { options = {}; } this.type = 'default'; this.status = options.status === undefined ? 200 : options.status; this.ok = this.status >= 200 && this.status < 300; this.statusText = 'statusText' in options ? options.statusText : 'OK'; this.headers = new Headers(options.headers); this.url = options.url || ''; this._initBody(bodyInit); } Body.call(Response.prototype); Response.prototype.clone = function() { return new Response(this._bodyInit, { status: this.status, statusText: this.statusText, headers: new Headers(this.headers), url: this.url }) }; Response.error = function() { var response = new Response(null, {status: 0, statusText: ''}); response.type = 'error'; return response }; var redirectStatuses = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]; Response.redirect = function(url, status) { if (redirectStatuses.indexOf(status) === -1) { throw new RangeError('Invalid status code') } return new Response(null, {status: status, headers: {location: url}}) }; exports.DOMException = self.DOMException; try { new exports.DOMException(); } catch (err) { exports.DOMException = function(message, name) { this.message = message; this.name = name; var error = Error(message); this.stack = error.stack; }; exports.DOMException.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype); exports.DOMException.prototype.constructor = exports.DOMException; } function fetch(input, init) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { var request = new Request(input, init); if (request.signal && request.signal.aborted) { return reject(new exports.DOMException('Aborted', 'AbortError')) } var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); function abortXhr() { xhr.abort(); } xhr.onload = function() { var options = { status: xhr.status, statusText: xhr.statusText, headers: parseHeaders(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders() || '') }; options.url = 'responseURL' in xhr ? xhr.responseURL : options.headers.get('X-Request-URL'); var body = 'response' in xhr ? xhr.response : xhr.responseText; resolve(new Response(body, options)); }; xhr.onerror = function() { reject(new TypeError('Network request failed')); }; xhr.ontimeout = function() { reject(new TypeError('Network request failed')); }; xhr.onabort = function() { reject(new exports.DOMException('Aborted', 'AbortError')); }; xhr.open(request.method, request.url, true); if (request.credentials === 'include') { xhr.withCredentials = true; } else if (request.credentials === 'omit') { xhr.withCredentials = false; } if ('responseType' in xhr && support.blob) { xhr.responseType = 'blob'; } request.headers.forEach(function(value, name) { xhr.setRequestHeader(name, value); }); if (request.signal) { request.signal.addEventListener('abort', abortXhr); xhr.onreadystatechange = function() { // DONE (success or failure) if (xhr.readyState === 4) { request.signal.removeEventListener('abort', abortXhr); } }; } xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit === 'undefined' ? null : request._bodyInit); }) } fetch.polyfill = true; if (!self.fetch) { self.fetch = fetch; self.Headers = Headers; self.Request = Request; self.Response = Response; } exports.Headers = Headers; exports.Request = Request; exports.Response = Response; exports.fetch = fetch; Object.defineProperty(exports, '__esModule', { value: true }); }))); ; /** * Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection. * However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use. */ ;; Biomarkers to Diagnose Alzheimer's: Ready for Widespread Use? -
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Biomarkers to Diagnose Alzheimer’s: Ready for Widespread Use?

robertbrownn010 mins
Biomarkers to Diagnose Alzheimer's

About 7 million people are living with Alzheimer’s, and this number is expected to rise to approximately 13 million by 2050 [1]. Despite plenty of research, scientists are still yet to discover the exact cause and treatment of this devastating disease.

Scientists are constantly trying to discover the precise underlying causes, treatment, and ways to conveniently and non-invasively diagnose the disease.

For many years, Alzheimer’s was identified clinically and diagnosed via autopsy. A blood test that can now determine the pathology of the disease with a fair degree of accuracy may find extensive application in clinical settings. 

While Alzheimer’s biomarkers can detect the levels of tau and amyloid in the brain, important questions remain regarding prediction accuracy, appropriate use for patients with other illnesses that may change pathology, and the best way to use the data from biomarker testing.

Nicole R. Fowler, Ph.D., an applied aging researcher from the Regenstrief Institute and Indiana University School of Medicine, and Michelle Mielke, Ph.D., chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Prevention at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, have highlighted considerations to be addressed in advance of the widespread adoption of Alzheimer’s biomarker testing in real-world clinical settings in a review article underscoring the issues related to use of this new diagnostic tool.

The journal Nature Reviews Neurology published the review article [2].

What did the Authors Highlight

The authors point out that biomarkers offer a hitherto unheard-of chance to increase the precision and timeliness of Alzheimer’s diagnosis at the population level, particularly in settings with limited resources. However, they advise careful consideration of various criteria before broad implementation.

According to Dr. Fowler, blood can be collected for biomarker testing and examined to detect amyloid or tau in the brain, the fundamental pathologies of Alzheimer’s. Blood-based biomarkers can help diagnose the disease, but there is still a need to develop suitable use guidelines for them, even though they are a far more scalable and less invasive test than collecting cerebrospinal fluid.

Biomarkers may be a highly relevant test early in the cognitive change process to discover what is generating cognitive issues, assisting patients in slowing the disease and being assessed for treatment.

Michelle M Mielke, the review’s other author, stated that much of the current research on Alzheimer’s disease blood-based biomarkers has been undertaken on reasonably healthy, well-educated, and well-characterized individuals from specialty memory clinics.

Understanding how to use these blood biomarkers most effectively in older persons with various chronic disorders and cognitive impairment, including members of underrepresented minority groups, requires an extensive amount of research. There are ethical problems to address, as well as several chronic illnesses that may influence biomarker interpretation and result in false positive or false negative diagnoses.

Both authors highlighted the significance of taking into account a variety of confounding factors when interpreting biomarker testing in the review article, including patient sex, race or ethnicity, and the co-existence of chronic medical illnesses that are frequent in older persons.

They reported that the attributes of usual primary care patients with cognitive impairment frequently vary from the patient populations used in Alzheimer’s biomarker research studies, emphasizing the need for population health studies to be more representative of individuals seeking diagnoses to better understand how to apply this new technology in the primary care setting.

The authors ended by considering broader problems such as ethics, patient and provider preference, accidental findings, and handling uncertain outcomes. They emphasized the necessity of limiting the potential for false-positive or false-negative results due to faulty testing accuracy.

Key Points Noted by the Authors

Here’s the overview of the major points that Drs. Fowler and Mielke noted in their review.

  • Accurate Diagnostic Test

Blood biomarkers are a clinically useful and accurate means of diagnosing Alzheimer’s in patients exhibiting cognitive decline, as numerous studies have shown [2, 3].

  • Examination of Biomarkers in Broader Populations

Most previous studies have concentrated on specialty clinic groups, such as neurology. They are not universal to typical primary care patients with cognitive impairment symptoms, so there is an urgent need to examine these biomarkers in this population [4].

  • Considering Other Chronic Diseases

Chronic kidney illness, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and some drugs might raise or diminish Alzheimer’s blood biomarker levels and must be considered to avoid false-positive or false-negative diagnoses. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s in older persons requires an understanding of how to analyze these levels in the context of several chronic illnesses.

  • Gender and Race may have a Role

Gender and race or ethnicity may also have an impact on Alzheimer’s disease levels, though research on these correlations has been inconsistent.

  • Test to be Reviewed in Tandem with Other Symptoms 

A positive blood biomarker test may suggest Alzheimer’s presence, but it could also be an incidental result. Thus, the test must be reviewed in conjunction with other symptoms.

  • A Need to Devise Policies

Policies must be in place to ensure that patients with favorable outcomes added to their medical records do not lose their insurance, disability, or other rights.

Alzheimer’s Research Association is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. We provide the latest information and news about the illness and helpful tips to help caregivers cope with their daily caregiving challenges. We realize the most important thing that a caregiver needs is financial assistance. Therefore, we provide grants to caregivers to ease their financial burden. Caregivers can apply for grants here: https://www.alzra.org/grant-applications/. 

You can also help caregivers in their endeavor by donating as much as possible: https://www.alzra.org/donate-now/

References

  • Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. Alzheimer’s Association. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures. Accessed: 7th October, 2024.
  • Mielke, M.M. and Fowler, N.R., 2024. Alzheimer disease blood biomarkers: considerations for population-level use. Nature Reviews Neurology, pp.1-10.
  • A New Blood Test Could Detect Early Symptoms of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s Research Association. https://www.alzra.org/blog/a-new-blood-test-could-detect-early-symptoms-of-alzheimers/. Published Online: 28th February, 2024. Accessed: 7th October, 2024.
  • Preparing for widespread use of biomarkers to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. Medical Xpress. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-09-widespread-biomarkers-alzheimer-disease.html. Published Online: 18th September, 2024. Accessed: 7th October, 2024.

 

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